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Acute diverticulitis is a condition characterized by the inflammation or infection of diverticula, which are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system. These pouches are most commonly found in the lower part of the large intestine (colon). While diverticula themselves typically do not cause symptoms (a condition called diverticulosis), when they become inflamed or infected, it leads to diverticulitis.

Symptoms

The symptoms of acute diverticulitis can vary from mild to severe and may include:

• Abdominal pain, often severe and typically in the lower left side of the abdomen
• Fever
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating and gas
• Constipation or, less commonly, diarrhea
• Tenderness in the abdomen

Causes

The exact cause of diverticulitis is not well understood, but it is believed to involve several factors, including:

• Increased pressure within the colon
• Changes in the bacterial environment of the colon
• Diet low in fiber

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing diverticulitis:

• Age (more common in older adults)
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Lack of exercise
• Diet high in animal fat and low in fiber
• Certain medications, such as steroids, opioids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of acute diverticulitis typically involves a combination of:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Blood tests to check for signs of infection
• Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, to confirm the presence of inflamed or infected diverticula

Treatment

Treatment for acute diverticulitis depends on the severity of the condition:

• Mild cases: May be managed with rest, a clear liquid diet, and antibiotics.
• Moderate to severe cases: May require hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and possibly surgery if there are complications such as abscesses, perforation, or peritonitis.

Complications

Complications of untreated or severe diverticulitis can include:

• Abscess formation
• Perforation of the colon
• Peritonitis (infection of the abdominal cavity)
• Fistulas (abnormal connections between the colon and other organs)
• Intestinal obstruction

Prevention

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of diverticulitis include:

• Eating a high-fiber diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Drinking plenty of fluids
• Exercising regularly
• Avoiding smoking

In summary, acute diverticulitis is a potentially serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Adopting a healthy lifestyle with a high-fiber diet and regular exercise can help reduce the risk of developing diverticulitis.